Generating instability? The impact of the EU's hybrid migration governance in Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan

This article analyses the migration agreements between European Union (EU) and Turkey, Lebanon Jordan. These international policy frameworks were negotiated in tandem with one another, all announced 2016. Drawing on fieldwork conducted three countries, argues that they fuse humanitarian elements a bloc-based security logic an ad-hoc mix lacks substantive legitimacy states, rendering unstable. The introduces idea of hybrid governance which we have developed inductively to conceptualise empirical findings from our fieldwork, building existing work hybridity conflict studies literature Nora Stel's conception as ability shape field action others. In usage, refers efficacy EU intervention institutional management case study countries (‘shaping action’), ‘frozen’ character societal relations formed through this process their underlying lack domestic legitimacy. conclusion, argue poses problem for EU's ‘Barcelona’ human security, because rather than expanding bloc's ‘zone security’ neighbourhood, these policies generated downstream security-risks.